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ДОМЕСТИКАЦИЯ ЛОШАДИ В ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ АЗИИ
Ю.Т. Шев
Университет Ла Троб, Австралия La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
На основании представленной в статье сводки фаунистических данных прослеживается хронология распространения домашних лошадей из Евразийской степи в Юго-Западную Азию. В конце плейстоцена дикие лошади обитали на большей части территории Ближнего Востока, однако возрастающая аридизация климата привела к их исчезновению в данном регионе. Таким образом, присутствие скелетных остатков лошадей в материалах археологических памятников позднего голоцена предполагает распространение этих животных в качестве одомашненных. Ранние свидетельства их доместикации обнаружены в Ботае (Казахстан), однако популяции диких лошадей сохранялись в Анатолии, Иране и Южном Леванте в среднем голоцене. Если останки, найденные в этих регионах, не принадлежат диким предкам лошадей, то их присутствие на памятниках позднего энеолита указывает на то, что доместицированные лошади появились в Юго-Западной Азии гораздо раньше, чем принято считать. Древнейшие останки одомашненной лошади из Бухена (Египет) требуют особого объяснения, т.к. в Леванте подобные находки на памятниках того времени неизвестны. Однако лошади обитали в Леванте и тогда, и раньше, что свидетельствует о постепенном распространении доместицированных лошадей из евразийских степей на юг в течение двух тысячелетий, с конца энеолита до позднего бронзового века. Этому распространению, вероятно, способствовало появление и широкое использование боевых колесниц в начале II тыс. до н.э.
Ключевые слова: доместикация лошадей, голоценовая фауна, Юго-Западная Азия.
DOI: 10.17746/1563-0102.2016.44.1.123-136
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE DOMESTICATED HORSE IN SOUTHWEST ASIA
E.T. Shev
La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
This compilation of faunal data has allowed the development of a chronology of the dispersal of domesticated horses from the Eurasian steppe into Southwest Asia. During the late Pleistocene horses were widespread throughout much of the Near East, however increasing aridifi cation led to their extinction from the region. Their presence within the archaeological record of the Late Holocene therefore suggests their spread as a human-controlled domesticate. Early domesticated horses are found at Botai, Kazakhstan, although faunal data indicates that Anatolia, Iran and the southern Levant contained surviving populations of wild horses during the mid-Holocene. If these remains from the Levant, western Iran and Anatolia do not belong to native wild progenitors, their presence in Late Chalcolithic deposits indicate an introduction of domesticated horses to this region much earlier than previously assumed. The Buhen horse is the oldest dated domesticated horse in Egypt and was assumed to be anachronistic given the lack of contemporaneous Levantine specimens. However horses were present in the Levant prior to and contemporary with the Buhen horse, illustrating a steady southward distribution from the Eurasian steppe over two millennia dating from the Late Chalcolithic to the Late Bronze Age; a spread likely hastened by the widespread adoption of chariot warfare in the early second millennium BCE.
Keywords: Horse domestication, Holocene faunal record, Southwest Asia
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