Перейти к статье:
Нижний палеолит Ирана:
новые находки из пещеры Мар-Гверга-Лан
Д. Давуди1, Б. Базгир2,3, Р. Аббаснеджад1, Д. Барски2,3, А. Олле2,3, М. Отт4
1 Университет Мазандарана, Иран University of Mazandaran Pasdaran Street, P.O. Box 416, Babolsar, 47415 Iran
2 Каталонский институт палеоэкологии человека и социальной эволюции, Испания Institut Catala de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolucio Social C/ Marcel.li Domingo s/n (Edifi ci W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
3 Университет Ровира и Вирхили, Испания Universitat Rovira i Virgili Av. Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
4 Университет Льежа, Бельгия Universite de Liege, Place du 20 Aout 7, 4000, Liege, Belgium
Вторая половина XX в. ознаменовалась впечатляющими открытиями, связанными с проблемой древнейшего заселения Западной Азии. Увеличивающееся количество свидетельств присутствия нижнепалеолитического человека на прилегающих к Ирану территориях подчеркивает ключевое значение региона как географического перекрестка между Африкой, Азией и Европой. Недавние попытки поиска новых стоянок, связанных с данной проблематикой, привели к обнаружению подъемного материала в пещере Мар-Гверга-Лан в Холилане. Настоящая статья посвящена детальному описанию находок и обсуждению их места в широком контексте нижнепалеолитических местонахождений Ирана и Западной Азии в целом с целью оценки перспектив дальнейших исследований на этой территории.
Ключевые слова: нижний палеолит, каменные орудия, пещера Мар-Гверга-Лан, Центральный Загрос, Иран.
DOI: 10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.1.003–015
LOWER PALEOLITHIC OF IRAN:
THE NEW FINDS FROM THE MAR-GVERGA-LAN CAVE
D. Davudi1, B. Bazgir2,3, R. Abbasnedzhad1, D. Barski2,3, A. Olle2,3, M. Ott4
1 University of Mazandaran Pasdaran Street, P.O. Box 416, Babolsar, 47415 Iran
2 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social C/ Marcel.lí Domingo s/n (Edifi ci W3), Campus Sescelades, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
3 Universitat Rovira i Virgili Av. Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
4 Université de Liège, Place du 20 Août 7, 4000, Liège, Belgium
The second half of the XXth century was the time of signifi cant discoveries associated with the problem of the earliest occupation of Western Asia. The evidence of the Lower Paleolithic people presence in the territories near Iran has increased and this fact stresses the importance of key signifi cance of the region as a geographic crossroad between Africa, Asia and Europe. The search for new sites associated with these problems reduced to surface material fi ndings in the Mar-Gverga-Lan in Holilan. This article is devoted to the detailed description of material fi ndings and discussion of their place in the general context of Lower Paleolithic occurrences in Iran and Western Asia. It will give an opportunity to estimate the further research perspective at this territory.
Keywords: Lower Paleolithic, stone tools, Mar-Gverga-Lan Cave, Central Zagros, Iran.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Agusti J., Lordkipanidze. How African was the early human dispersion out of Africa // Quaternary Sci. Rev. – 2011. – Vol. 30. – P. 1338–1342.
Alibaigi S., Niknami K.A., Heydari M., Nikzad Zainivand M., Manhobi S., Mohammadi Qasrian S., Khalili M., Islami N. Paleolithic open-air sites revealed in the Kuran Buzan Valley, Central Zagros, Iran // Antiquity. – 2011. – Vol. 85, iss. 329. – Project Gallery.
Alibaigi S., Niknami K.A., Khosravi S. A Preliminary Report on the Investigations of the Lower Paleolithic site of Khaleseh in the Khoram Dareh Valley, Zanjan // Iranian Archaeol. – 2010. – Vol. 1. – P. 8–14.
Ariai A., Thibault C. Nouvelles precisions a propos de 1’outillage paleolithique ancien sur galets du Khorassan (Iran) // Paleorient. – 1975. – Vol. 3. – P. 101–108.
Arzarello M., Peretto C. Out of Africa: the fi rst evidence of Italian peninsula occupation // Quaternary Intern. – 2010. – Vol. 223/224. – P. 65–70.
Barsky D., Lumley H., de. Early European Mode 2 and the stone industry from the Caune de l’Arago’s archeostratigraphical levels “P” // Quaternary Intern. – 2010. – Vol. 223/224. – P. 71–86.
Bar-Yosef O., Belfer-Cohen A. From Africa to Eurasiaearly dispersals // Quaternary Intern. – 2001. – Vol. 75. – P. 19–28.
Bar-Yosef O., Belmaker M. Early and Middle Pleistocene faunal and hominins dispersals through Southwestern Asia // Quaternary Sci. Rev. – 2011. – Vol. 30, N 11/12. – P. 1318–1337.
Bar-Yosef O., Goren-Inbar N. The Lithic Assemblages of ‘Ubeidiya: A Lower Palaeolithic Site in the Jordan Valley. – Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1993. – 280 p. – (Qedem – Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem vol. 34).
Bazgir B. Resuming Paleolithic Research in Khorramabad Valley: Test Excavations at Gilvaran, Kaldar and Ghamari Caves and Gar Arjeneh Rock shelter // Modares Archaeol. Res. – 2013. – Vol. 4, N 8. – P. 1–34.
Bazgir B., Otte M., Tumung L., Olle A., Ganesh Deo S., Joglekar P., Lopez Garcia M.J., Picin A., Davoudi D., Made J., van der. Test Excavations and Initial Results at the Middle and Upper Paleolithic sites of Gilvaran, Kaldar, Ghamari Caves and Gar Arjene Rockshelter, Khorramabad Valley, Western Iran // Comptes Rendus Palevol (in press).- URL
Bewley R. The Cambridge University Archaeological Expedition to Iran (1969), Excavations in the Zagros Mountains: Houmian, Mir Malas and Barde Spid // Iran. – 1984. – Vol. 22. – P. 1–38.
Biagi P., Mukhtaiar Kazi M., Negrino F. An Acheulean workshop at Ziarat Pir Shaban on the Rohri Hills, Sindh, Pakistan // South Asian Studies. – 1996. – Vol. 12. – P. 49–62.
Biglari F. The Preliminary Survey of Paleolithic Sites in the Kashan Region // The Silversmiths of the Sialk / ed. by S.M. Shahmirzadi. Tehran: Archaeological Research Center, Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization, 2004. – P. 151–168.
Biglari F. The development of Paleolithic archaeology of Iran // Eighty Years of Iranian Archaeology / eds. Y. Hassanzadeh, S. Miri. – Tehran: National Museum of Iran, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research. 2012. – P. 1–48.
Biglari F., Abdi K. Paleolithic Artifacts from Cham-e Souran, the Islamabad Plain, Central Western Zagros Mountains, Iran // Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. – 1999. – Vol. 31. – P. 1–8.
Biglari F., Heydari S., Shidrang S. Ganj Par: The first evidence for Lower Paleolithic occupation in the Southern Caspian Basin, Iran // Antiquity. – 2004. – Vol. 78, iss. 302. – Project Gallery.
Biglari F., Jahani V., Mashkour M., Argant A., Shidrang S., Taheri K. Darband Cave: New Evidence for Lower Paleolithic occupation at Western Alborz Range, Gilan // 11th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran. – Mashahad: Ferdousi University, 2007. – P. 1687–1695.
Biglari F., Nokandeh G., Heydari S. A Recent Find of a Possible Lower Paleolithic Assemblage from the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains // Antiquity. – 2000. – Vol. 74. – P. 749–750.
Biglari F., Shidrang S. The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran // Paleolithic Archaeology: National Conference on Potentials and Possibilities to Improve Education of Archaeology in Iran. – Hamadan: Bu-Ali Sina University, 2009. – P. 59–68.
Boeda E., Hou Y.M. Le site de Longgupo, Chongqing, Chine // L’Anthropologie. – 2011. – Vol. 115, N 1. – P. 1–196.
Bostanci E.Y. Research in South-East Anatolia: The Chellean and Acheulean industry of D?l?k and Kartal // Anatolia. – 1961. – Vol. 6. – P. 111–162.
Braidwood R. Seeking the world’s fi rst farmers in Persian Kurdistan: a full-scale investigation of Prehistoric sites near Kermanshah // The Illustrated London News. – 1960. – Vol. 237. – P. 695–697.
Braidwood R., Howe B. Prehistoric Investigation in the Iraqi Kurdistan. – Chicago: The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago Press, 1960. – XXVIII, 184 p. 29 pl. – (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization N 31).
Braidwood R., Howe B., Negahban E. Near Eastern Prehistory // Science. – 1960. – Vol. 131. – P. 1536–1541.
Carbonell E., Bermudez de Castro J.M., Arsuaga J.L., Diez J.C., Rosas A., Cuenca G., Sala R., Mosquera M., Rodriguez X.P. Lower Pleistocene hominids and artifacts from Atapuerca TD6 (Spain) // Science. – 1995. – Vol. 269 (5225). – P. 826–830.
Casciello E., Verges J., Saura E., Casini G., Fernandez N., Blanc B., Homke S., Hunt D.W. Fold patterns and multilayer arheology of the Lurestan Province, Zagros Simply Folded Belt (Iran) // J. of the Geological Society. – 2009. – Vol. 166. – P. 947–959.
Chauhan P.R. Early Homo occupation near the Gate of tears: examining the Paleoanthropological records of Djibouti and Yemen // Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan / eds. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun. – Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. – P. 49–59.
Clark J.D. The Middle Acheulian occupation site at Latamne, Northern Syria // Quaternaria. – 1967. – Vol. 9. – P. 1–68.
Conard J., Ghasidian E. The Rostamian cultural group and the taxonomy of the Iranian Upper Paleolithic // Between Sand and Sea. – 2011. – Vol. 33. – P. 33–52.
Crochet J.Y., Welcommeb J.L., Ivorra J., Ruffet G., Boulbes N., Captevila R., Claude J., Firmat C., Metais G., Michaux J., Pickford M. Une nouvelle faune de vertebres continentaux, associee a des artifacts dans le Pleistocene inferieur de l’Herault (Sud de la France), vers 1,57 Ma // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2009. – Vol. 8. – P. 725– 736.
Darabi H., Javanmardzadeh A., Beshkani A., Jami-Alahmadi M. Paleolithic occupation of the Mehran Plain in Southwestern Iran // Documenta Prehistorica. – 2012. – Vol. 39. – P. 443–451.
Davis R.S., Ranov V.A. Recent work on the Paleolithic of Central Asia // Evolutionary Anthropology. – 1999. – Vol. 8, N 5. – P. 186–193.
Davoudi D., Hatami Nesari T., Nourolahi R., Biglari A. Discovery of Middle Paleolithic Artefacts from the caves of Holeylan, Western Iran (previously claimed to be Upper and Epi-Paleolithic) // Iranica Antiqua (in press).
Dennell R. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. – XXIII, 548 p.
Dennell R.W., Martinon-Torres M., Bermudez de Castro J.M. Hominin variability, climatic instability and population demography in Middle Pleistocene Europe // Quaternary Sci. Rev. – 2011. – Vol. 30, N 11/12. – P. 1511–1524.
Dennell R.W., Rendell H., Hailwood E. Early toolmaking in Asia: two million-year-old artifacts in Pakistan // Antiquity. – 1988. – Vol. 62. – P. 98–106.
Derricourt R. Getting Out of Africa: sea crossings, land crossings and culture in the hominin migrations // J. of World Prehistory. – 2005. – Vol. 19. – P. 119–132.
Despriee J., Voinchet P., Gagennet R., Depont J., Bahain J.J., Falgueres C., Tissoux H., Dolo J.M., Courcimault G. Les vagues de peuplements humains au Pleistocene inferieur et moyen dans le bassin de la Loire moyenne, region Centre, France, Apports de l’etude des formations fl uviatiles // L’Anthropologie. – 2009. – Vol. 113, N 1. – P. 125–167.
Dibble H. The Mousterian Industry from Bisitun Cave (Iran) // Paleorient. – 1984. – Vol. 10. – P. 23–34.
Doronichev V.B. The Lower Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus: A reappraisal of the data and new approaches // PaleoAnthropology. – 2008. – P. 107–157.
Doronichev V., Golovanova L. Beyond the Acheulean: A view on the Lower Paleolithic occupation of Western Eurasia // Quaternary Intern. – 2010. – Vol. 223/224. – P. 327–344.
Field H. Paleolithic Implements from the Rub’ al Khali // Man. – 1961. – Vol. 9. – P. 22–23.
Gabunia L., Lumley M.A., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Lumley H., de. Discovery of a new hominid at Dmanisi (Transcaucasia, Georgia) // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2012. – Vol. 1. – P. 243–253.
Gabunia L., Vekua V., Lordkipanidze D., Swisher C.C., Ferring R., Justus A., Nioradze M., Tvalchrelidze M., Anton S.C., Bosinski G., Joris O., Lumley M.A., de, Majsuradze G., de, Mouskhelishvili A. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting and age // Science. – 2000. – Vol. 288. – P. 1019–1025.
Garcia J., Martinez K., Carbonell E. Continuity of the fi rst human occupation in the Iberian Penninsula: closing the archaeological gap // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2011. – Vol. 10. – P. 279–284.
Goren-Inbar N. Gesher Benot Ya’aqov: the Acheulian Cultural Sequence // J. of Hum. Evol. – 1998. – Vol. 34, N 3. – P. A8.
Gulec E., Howell F.C., White T.D. Dursunlu – a new Lower Pleistocene faunal and artifact-bearing locality in southern Anatolia // Hominid Evolution: Lifestyles and Survival Strategies / ed. by H. Ullrich. – B.: Archaea, 1999. – P. 349–364.
Hakimi F., Ahmadi Khalaji A., Dolatsha T., Mollaei H., Shahrokhi V. Investigation of geology condition and hydrogeology Kuhdasht area, Lorestan province, Iran // The 1st International Applied Geological Congress, Mashhad, Islamic Azad University, Department of Geology. – Mashhad, 2010. – P. 390–394.
Heydari S. The impact of geology and geomorphology on cave and rockshelter archaeological site formation, preservation, and distribution in the Zagros Mountains of Iran // Geoarchaeology. – 2007. – Vol. 22. N 6. – P. 653–669.
Hole F., Flannery K. The Prehistory of southwestern Iran: A preliminary report // Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. – 1967. – Vol. 22. – P. 147–206.
Homke S., Verges J., Beek P., van der, Fernandez M., Saura E., Barbero L., Badics B., Labrin E. Insights in the exhumation history of the NW Zagros from bedrock and detrital apatite fi ssion-track analysis: evidence for a long-lived orogeny // Basin Research. – 2010. – Vol. 22, iss. 5. – P. 659–680.
Hou Y.M., Potts R., Baoyin Y., Zhengtang G., Deino A., Wang W., Clark J., Guangmao X., Weiwen H. MidPleistocene Acheulean-like Stone Technology of the Bose Basin, South China // Science. – 2000. – Vol. 287 (5458). – P. 1622–1626.
Hume G.W. The Ladizian: An Industry of the Asian Chopper Chopping Tool Comlex in Iranian Baluchistan. – Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1976. – XV, 296 p.
James G.A., Wynd G.J. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement Area // Am. Association of Petroleum Geologists Bull. – 1965. – Vol. 49. – P. 2182–2245.
Jaubert J., Biglari F., Bordes J., Bruxelles L., Mourre V., Shidrang S. The Paleolithic of Iran: Report of 2004 Iranian-French Joint Mission // Archaeol. Reports. – 2004. – Vol. 3. – P. 1–12.
Jaubert J., Biglari F., Bordes J., Bruxelles L., Mourre V., Shidrang S., Naderi R., Alipour S. New research on Paleolithic of Iran: preliminary report of 2004 Iranian-French joint mission // Archaeol. Reports. – 2006. – Vol. 4. – P. 17–26.
Klein R.G. Chellean and Acheulean on the territory of the Soviet Union: a critical review of the evidence as presented in literature // Am. Anthropol. – 1966. – Vol. 68, N 2. – P. 1–45.
Lebatard A.E., Cihat Alcicekb M., Rochette P., Khatib S., Vialet V., Boulbes N., Bourles D.L., Demory F., Guipert G., Maydag S., Titov V.V., Vidala L., Lumley H., de. Dating the Homo erectus bearing travertine from Kocabas (Denizli, Turkey) at least 1.1 Ma // Earth and Planetary Science Letters. – 2014. – Vol. 390. – P. 8–18.
Lefevre D., Raynal J.P., Vernet G., Kieffer G., Piperno M. Tephrostratigraphy and the age of ancient Southern Italian Acheulean settlements: The sites of Loreto and Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy) // Quaternary Intern. – 2010. – Vol. 223/224. – P. 360–368.
Le Tensorer J.M., Falkenstein V., von, Le Tensorer H., Schmid P., Muhesen S. Etude preliminaire des industries archaiques de facies Oldowayen du site de Hummal (El Kowm, Syrie centrale) // L’Anthropologie. – 2011. – Vol. 115, N 2. – P. 247–266.
Lumley H., de, Lordkipanidze D., Feraud G., Garcia T., Perrenoud C., Falgueres C., Gagnepain J., Saos T.V. Datation par la methode 40Ar/39Ar de la couche de cendres volcaniques (couche VI) de Dmanissi (Georgie) qui a livre des restes d’hominides fossiles de 1,81 Ma // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2002. – Vol. 1. – P. 181–189.
Martinez-Navarro B., Belmaker M., Bar-Yosef O. The large carnivores from Ubeidiya (Early Pleistocene, Levant): biochronological and biogeographical implications // J. of Hum. Evol. – 2009. – Vol. 56. – P. 514–524.
Martinez-Navarro B., Belmaker M., Bar-Yosef O. The Bovid assemblage (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Early Pleistocene site of ’Ubeidiya, Levant: Biochronological and paleoecological implications for the fossil and lithic bearing strata // Quaternary Intern. – 2012. – Vol. 267. – P. 78–97.
Marucheck J.T. A Survey of Seasonal Occupation Sites in Northern Baluchistan // Proceeding of the 4th Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran / ed. by F. Bagherzadeh. – Tehran, 1976. – P. 272–283.
Mercier N., Valladas H. Thermoluminescence dates for the Paleolithic of Levant // Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean / eds. O. Bar-Yosef, R. Kar. – Tucson: Radiocarbon Department of Biosciences, University of Arisona, 1994. – P. 13–20.
Mercier N., Valladas H. Reassessment of TL age estimates of burnt fl ints from the Paleolithic site of Tabun Cave, Levant // J. of Hum. Evol. – 2003. – Vol. 45. – P. 401–409.
Moncel M.H., Despriee J., Voinchet P., Tissoux H., Moreno D., Bahain J.J., Courcimault G., Falgueres C. Early evidence of Acheulean settlement in northwestern Europe – La Noira Site, a 700 000 year-old occupation in the Center of France // Plos One. – 2013. – Vol. 8, N 11. – Doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0075529.
Mortensen P. Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic sites in the Hulailan Valley, Northern Luristan // The Paleolithic prehistory of the Zagros–Taurus / eds. D.I. Oszewsky, H.L. Dibble. – Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1993. – P. 159–187.
Otte M., Biglari F., Flas D., Shidrang S., Zwyns N., Mashkour M., Naderi R., Mohaseb A., Hashemi N., Darvish J., Radu V. The Aurignacian in the Zagros region: new research at Yafteh Cave, Lorestan, Iran // Antiquity. – 2007. – Vol. 81. – P. 82–96.
Pappu S., Gunnell Y., Akhilesh K., Braucher R., Taieb M., Demory F., Thouveny N. Early Pleistocene presence of Acheulian hominins in South India // Science. – 2011. – Vol. 331 (6024). – P. 1596–1599.
Parenti F., Al-Shiyab A.H., Santucci E., Kafafi Z., Palumbo G. Early Acheulean Stone Tools and Fossil Faunas From the Dauqara Formation, Upper Zarqa Valley, Jordanian Plateau // Prehistory of Jordan II Perspectives from 1997 / еds. H.G.K. Gebel, Z. Kafafi , G.O. Rollefson. – B.: Ex Oriente, 1997. – P. 7–22.
Parfitt S.A., Ashton N.M., Lewis S.G., Abel R.L., Coope G.R., Field M.H., Gale R., Hoare P.G., Larkin N.R., Lewis M.D., Karloukovski V., Maher B.A., Peglar S.M., Preece R.C., Whittaker J.E., Stringer C.B. Early Pleistocene human occupation at the edge of the boreal zone in nortwest Europe // Nature. – 2010. – Vol. 466. – P. 229–233.
Parvin M., Ahmadi M., Manochehri F. Studying Hydrodynamic Geological Formations of Mahidasht Basin in the amount of Plain Feeding using RS & GIS // Int. J. of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. – 2013. – Vol. 5, N 1. – P. 30–35.
Petraglia M.D. The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: Occupations, adaptations and dispersals // J. of World Prehistory. – 2003. – Vol. 17. – P. 141–179.
Piperno M. Notarchirico: Un sito del Pleistocene medio iniziale nel bacino di Venosa. – Venosa: Osanna, 1999. – 621 p.
Ron H., Porat N., Ronen A., Tchernov E., Horwitz L.K. Magnetostratigraphy of the Evron Member – implications for the age of the Middle Acheulian Site of Evron Quarry // J. of Hum. Evol. – 2003. – Vol. 44. – P. 633-639.
Ronen A. The oldest human groups in the Levant // Comptes Rendus Palevol. – 2006. – Vol. 5. – P. 343–351.
Rosas A., Bermudez de Castro J.M. On the taxonomic affi nities of the Dmanisi mandible (Georgia) // Am. J. of Phys. Anthropol. – 1998. – Vol. 107, N 2. – P. 145–162.
Rosas A., Perez-Gonzalez А., Carbonell E., Made J., van der, Sanchez A., Laplana C., Cuenca-Besc?s G., Pares J.M., Huguet R. Le gisement pleistocene de la Sima del Elefante (Sierra de Atapuerca, Espagne) // L’Anthropologie. – 2001. – Vol. 105, N 2. – P. 301–312.
Roustaei K. Discovery of Middle Palaeolithic occupation at high altitude of Zagros Mountain, Iran // Antiquity. – 2010. – Vol. 84. – Project gallery.
Sadek-Kooros H. Early hominid traces in East Azarbaijan // Proceeding of the 4th Annual Symposium on Archaeologica Research in Iran. Tehran 1975 / ed. by F. Bagherzadeh. – Tehran: Iranian Center for Archaeological Research, 1976. – P. 1–10.
Saragusti I., Goren-Inbar N. The biface assemblage from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Levant: illuminating patterns in “Out of Africa” dispersal // Quaternary Intern. – 2001. – Vol. 7, N 1. – P. 85–89.
Singer R, Waymer J. A hand-ax from Northwest Iran: the question of human movement between Africa and Asia in the Lower Paleolithic Periods // Views of the Past / ed. by L.G. Freeman. – The Hague: Mouton, 1978. – P. 13–27.
Tappen M., Adler D.S., Ferring C.R., Gabunia M., Vekua A., Swisher C.C. Akhalkalaki: The taphonomy of an Early Pleistocene locality in the Republic of Georgia // J. of Archaeol. Sci. – 2002. – Vol. 29, N 12. – P. 1367–1391.
Tchernov E. The Afro-Arabian component in the Levantine mammalian fauna: a short biogeographical review // Levant J. of Zoology. – 1992. – Vol. 38. – P. 155–192.
Tchernov E., Kolska Horowitz L., Ronen A., Lister A. The faunal remains from Evron Quarry in relation to other Paleolithic hominid sites in the Southern Levant // Quaternary Research. – 1994. – Vol. 42. – P. 328–339.
Thibault C.l. Prehistoire de la region de Minab (Iran): Rapport dact. / Institut de Prehistoire et de Geologie du Quaternaire. – Bordeaux, 1977.
Toro Moyano I., Lumley H., de., Barrier P., Barsky D., Cauche D., Celiberti V., Gregoire S., Lebegue F., Mestour B., Moncel M.H. Les industries lithiques archaiques du Barranco Leon et de Fuente Nueva 3 Orce, basin du Guadix-Baza, Andalousie. – P.: CNRS, 2010. – 312 p.
Vahdati Nasab H. Paleolithic Archaeology in Iran // Int. J. of Humanities. – 2011. – Vol. 18, N 2. – P. 63–87.
Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Rightmire G.P., Agusti J., Ferring R., Maisuradze G., Mouskhelishvili A., Nioradze M., Ponce de Leon M., Tappen M., Tvalchreridze M., Zollikofer C. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia // Science. – 2002. – Vol. 297. – P. 85–89.
Wright H.E., Howe B. Preliminary report on soundings at Barda Balka // Summer. – 1951. – Vol. 7. – P. 107–118.
Zaidner Y. Adaptive flexibility of Oldowan hominins: secondary use of flakes at Bizat Ruhama // Plos One. – 2013. – Vol. 8, N 6. – Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066851
Zhu R.X., Hoffman K.A., Potts R., Deng C.L., Pan Y.X., Guo B., Shi C.D., Guo Z.T., Yuan B.Y., Hou Y.M., Huang W.W. Earliest presence of humans in northeast Asia // Nature. – 2001. – Vol. 413. – P. 413–417.