Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 38 (3) 2010

Annotation:  Three Scenarios of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition. Scenario 1: The Middle to Upper Paleo Chronology and Periodization of Upper Paleolithic Sites in Mongolia Projectile Points and their Implications The “Malta Realism”: On Interpreting Siberian Anthropomorphic Figurines from the Upper Paleolithic Private Collection of Seima-Turbino Bronzes from the Irtysh: The Tragedy of a Unique Site Destroyed Sargat Burial Sites in the Middle Irtysh Area: A Gender Analysis The Archaeological and Geophysical Study of Defense Works Yenisei Kyrgyz “Forts” in the Russian Reports of the 17th Century and the Archaeological Reality The Wusun in Northeastern Central Asia Eighteenth Century Trends in the Development of Buryat Clothing Field Trip by B.N. Gorodkov and G.M. Dmitirev-Sadovnikov to the Vakh River Valley in 1913 A Comparison of the Medieval and Modern Populations of the Novgorod Region, Based on Facial Reconst The Origin of the Late Medieval Population of the Novgorod Republic (13th–16th Centuries), Based on   

Yenisei Kyrgyz “Forts” in the Russian Reports of the 17th Century and the Archaeological Reality

S.G. Skobelev.

The article aims to refute the view that the information of Russian written sources of the 17th century on the existence of “stone forts” belonging to the Yenisei Kyrgyz, which could serve as shelters during the period of military danger, is erroneous. This view has become common in Russian scholarly literature. The followers of this view believe that the slabs which were set vertically on the burial mounds of the Tagar culture, were mistaken for a stone fort on the Bely Iyus River; the fortifi cation at the mouth of the Syda River was not a fortress, but the simplest “defense walls and loopholes” on a mountain top; the stone wall on the “Tagyr Island” on the Yenisei River was not an artifi cial structure, but a natural formation. Based on our fi eld research in these areas, it was found that the stone fort on the Bely Iyus that appears in the sources of the 17th century, could be Mount Pervy Sunduk with a long stone wall protecting access to its elevated and steep part. A large structure with two lines of robust stone and earthen wall-ramparts is actually present on Mount Unyuk near the mouth of the Syda. The remains of a wall more than 1 km long made of Devonian sandstone slabs and defending a large area on the fl attened top of a mountain, can be clearly seen on “Tagyr Island” (currently, Kamenny Island) on the Yenisei River. Thus, Russian explorers knew the territory which they traveled through and adequately refl ected its main features in their reports.

Keywords: Yenisei Kyrgyz, fortifi cations, Russian explorers, reports, archaeology, “stone fort,” Mount Pervy Sunduk, Unyuk Mount, stone wall, “Tagyr Island.”